Between 1450 and 1750, upwards of 50,000 people will be accused of witchcraft and executed in Europe and the colonial Americas. Many of these people are women in healing roles, such as midwifery and herbal medicine. Federici (2004) writes that this period marked a deepening of the division of labor between "productive" (seen as "masculine") and "reproductive" (seen as "feminine") spheres, thereby severely limiting the culturally-accepted roles for women's work outside the home and shifting medical care towards an increasingly professionalized and male-dominated field.