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Malaria pushes back European colonization of the African continent.

Date: 1600s

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At the most, European colonizers are able to maintain outposts. "The sleeping sickness" kills many who attempt to establish plantations and other forms of settlement in areas with high rates of malaria. At one point, British colonizers, in searching for a penal colony, consider sending people to Gambia but: "they noted this exile amounted to a death sentence" (Shah, 2016), and so, instead, they later send them to the new colony of Australia.