Anatomist and artist Pieter Camper introduces the "facial angle" as a way to racially differentiate skulls.
Date: 1770
Camper creates this angle by drawing a line coming from the forehead, to the tip of the jaw, to a line coming from the ear to the bottom of the nose. He uses this angle to demonstrate a higher "European" forehead with a less pronounced jaw as closest to his (anatomically-impossible) Greco-Roman ideal of beauty. He then names the African facial structure as the furthest from his ideal.